CONTENTS

Preface

PART I — THE STRIKE OF 1894

CHAPTER I — PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Introduction

Cripple Creek — Location, geology, settlement — General economic conditions in 1894 — Conditions in Colorado and Cripple Creek in 1894

Indirect Causes Of The Strike

Uncertain business conditions — Irregularities in employment of labor

Events Leading Up To The Strike

CHAPTER II - THE TWO CRISES
The First Crisis

Attempts at a compromise — The lockout Feb. 1st, 1894 — The strike Feb. 7th — John Calderwood — Preparation by the unions — The injunction of March 14th — Capture of the deputies — Sheriff Bowers calls for militia — Beginning of friction between state and county — Conference between the generals and union officers — Recall of the militia — Compromise at the Independence

The Second Crisis

Coming of the rough element — The coup of Wm. Rabedeau — The demands and terms of the owners — Formation of the deputy army — "General" Johnson — Preparation of the miners for resistance — First detachment of deputy army — The blowing up of the Strong mine — The miners attack the deputies — Excitement in Colorado Springs — Rapid increase of deputy army — The governor's proclamation

CHAPTER III — THE FORCING OF THE ISSUE
Attempts At Arbitration

Conservative movement in Colorado Springs — The non-partisan committee — The miners propose terms of peace — Failure of the arbitration committee plan — Exchange of prisoners — The mission of Governor Waite — Miners give governor full power to act — The conference at Colorado College — Attempt to lynch Calderwood — The final conference in Denver — Articles of agreement

Militia vs. Deputies

The deputies march on Bull Hill — Call of the state militia — The question of authority — The clash in Grassey Valley — Military finally in control — Movements of the deputies — Conference in Altman — Withdrawal of deputies

The Restoration Of Order

Turbulent conditions in Cripple Creek — Attempts upon life of sheriff — Plan for vengeance in Colorado Springs — The attack upon General Tarsney — Arrests and trials of the strikers

CHAPTER IV-DISCUSSIONS
Peculiarities Of The Strike

The union allows men to work — Exchange of prisoners — Unusual influence of state authority

Arguments Of The Various Parties

The position of the mine owners — The position of the miners — The position of the governor

The Baleful Influence Of Politics

PART II—THE STRIKE OF 1903—1904

CHAPTER I—THE INTERVENING PERIOD
General Development

Increase in population and wealth — Industrial advance — Removal of frontier conditions — Entire dependence upon mining — The working force

The Background For The Strike

Divisioning of El Paso county — Growth of unions in political power — Western Federation becomes socialistic

The Situation Immediately Preceding The Strike

Unions misuse power — Treatment of non-union men — Minority rule — The strike power delegated

CHAPTER II—THE COLORADO CITY STRIKE
The Colorado City Strike

Formation of union — Opposition of Manager MacNeill — Presentation of grievances — The strike deputies and strikers — Manager MacNeill secures call of state militia

Partial Settlement By Arbitration

The Cripple Creek mines requested to cease shipments to Colorado City — The governor visits Colorado City — Conference at Denver — Settlement with Portland and Telluride Mills — Failure of second conference with Manager MacNeill

The Temporary Strike At Cripple Creek

Ore to be shut off from Standard Mill — The strike called — Advisory board — Its sessions — Further conferences — Settlement by verbal agreement

CHAPTER III — THE CRIPPLE CREEK STRIKE
The Call Of The Strike

Dispute over Colorado City agreement — Appeal of the union — Statements submitted by both sides — Decision of advisory board — Second strike at Colorado City — Strike at Cripple Creek

The First Period Of The Strike

Events of the first three weeks — Disorderly acts on September 1st — Release of Minster — Mine owners demand troops

The Militia In The District

The governor holds conferences with mine owners — The special commission — Troops called out — Militia arrest union officers — Other arrests — General partisan activity of the troops

Civil, vs. Military Authority

Habeas corpus proceedings — Militia guard court house — Judge Seeds' decision — The militia defy the court — Prisoners released — Rapid opening of the mines — Strike breakers

CHAPTER IV-TELLER COUNTY UNDER MILITARY RULE
Attempted Train Wrecking And Vindicator Explosion

Attempts to wreck F. & C. C. R. R. trains — McKinney and Foster arrested — McKinney makes conflicting confessions — Trial of Davis, Parker, and Foster — Digest of evidence — Release of McKinney — The Vindicator explosion — Evidence in case

A State Of Insurrection And Rebellion

The governor's proclamation — The power conferred as interpreted by militia officers — Local police deposed — Censorship of Victor Record — Registering of arms — Idle men declared vagrants — More general arrests of union officers — Habeas corpus suspended in case Victor Poole — Rowdyism by certain militiamen — Mine owners' statement — Federation flag posters — Withdrawal of troops

CHAPTER V—THE FINAL CRISIS
The Slxth Day Of June

Independence station explosion — Wrath of the community — Sheriff forced to resign — Bodies taken from undertaker — Mass meeting at Victor — The Victor riot — Militia capture miners'' union hall — Wholesale arrests of union men — Riot in Cripple Creek — Meeting of Mine Owners' Association and Citizens Alliance — The federation to be broken up

The Annihilation Of The Unions

Teller County again under military rule — Plant of Victor Record wrecked — Forced resignation of large number of county and municipal officials — The military commission — Deportations — Militia close the Portland mine — Aid to families forbidden — District entirely non-union — Withdrawal of troops

The Period Immediately Following

Mob deportations — The Interstate Mercantile Company — Second wrecking of the stores — The November elections — The expense of the strike — Summary

CHAPTER VI—DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The Western Federation Of Miners. Its Side Of The Case

History of the federation — Its socialistic tendencies — Sympathetic statement of its position

The Mine Owners' Association. Its Side Of The Case

History of the organization — The card system — Sympathetic view of its position

The Citizens Alliances. Their Side Of The Case

History of the alliances — Sympathetic view of their position

The State Authorities

Statement by Governor Peabody

The Responsibility And Blame — The Western Federation Of Miners

Cause of strike — Crimes of the strike

Mine Owners' Association

Criminal guards — Mob violence

The State Authorities

Use of troops — Perversion of authority

Arraignment Of Each Side By The Other

The "Red Book" — The "Green Book."

Comparison Of The Two Strikes

The first natural, the second artificial — Frontier conditions vs. complete industrial development — Contrasts in the use of state authority — Civil and military authority — Politics — Minority rule

Significance Of The Labor History

Bibliography

The Labor History of the Cripple Creek District;
A Study in Industrial Evolution
by Benjamin McKie Rastall

book image

pages 104-108

CHAPTER IV

Teller County Under Military Rule

Attempted Train "wrecking And Vindicator Explosion

An apparent attempt was made to wreck a Florence and Cripple Creek passenger train on the night of Nov. 14th. Spikes and fish plate bolts were removed from the rails, but the track not entirely separated, and the train passed the point in safety. Two nights later a second attempt was made at a point near Victor. The track makes a sharp curve around a projecting hillside at this place, and a train leaving the rails would roll 300 feet down a precipitious slope to the bottom of a ravine. The destruction of life in a crowded accommodation train of light coaches could not but be terrible. But the train was warned and passed in safety.1

Next morning detectives Scott and Sterling2 came to the office of Judge Seeds and stated that they had received information of the intended attempt at wrecking the night before, and had watched, viewing the operation and identifying the men. They were ready they said to make informations, but were afraid the sheriff's office would in some way allow the men to escape, and asked for the issue of bench warrants which they could serve direct. Later in the day H. H. McKinney and Thomas Foster were arrested by a squad of militia, and charged with the offence [sic]. They were afterward turned over to the civil authorities.

While in jail McKinney made a written confession to detectives Scott and Sterling, in which he implicated Thomas Foster as participant, and Sherman Parker and W. F. Davis as accessories.3 Later he made another written confession to Frank J. Hangs, the Cripple Creek attorney for the Federation, in which he denied the statements in the first confession, saying that it had been brought to him already prepared and signed under promise of $1000.00, and immunity from punishment, and transportation for himself and wife to any part of the world, and that he believed Scott and Sterling had secured the confession from him to clear their own skirts. He also wrote a letter to his wife which contained the same statements as those in the second confession.

Parker, Davis, and Foster were charged with conspiracy to commit murder, and came to trial in the District Court in February 1904.4 The prosecution rested its case largely upon the testimony of McKinney. He now swung round again; declared his first confession to be true and the second one false, and gave a detailed story of his participation in two train wrecking attempts. Parker, he said, had first broached the matter, and finally offered $500.00 for the job. Foster had assisted him in the first attempt, and he had secured Charles Beckman to help Mm the second time. His testimony remained unshaken through a most searching cross examination.

Mrs. McKinney corroborated the testimony of her husband in some points. Charles Beckman testified that he had become a member of the Federation as a spy for the Mine Owners' Association, and while apparently aiding McKinney had been keeping Detective Sterling posted as to the course of events. Detectives Scott and Sterling swore that they received tips from Beckman, and had watched the men make the attempt, and that when they came up close to recognize McKinney the men had run away.

The defense attempted to show that Scott and Sterling, being in the employ of the mine owners, had themselves made a bogus attempt at train wrecking, and bribed and frightened McKinney into a perjured confession which should convict union officers and throw the union into disrepute.5 McKinney on cross examination admitted making the confession to Attorney Hangs, but declared that it was a false one. He also admitted writing the letter to his wife which contained the same statements, but said he had lied. The defense showed that McKinney had been given unusual privileges at the jail, being sent out to his meals and allowed to spend some time with his wife away from the jail, and that both himself and wife had been furnished with new outfits of clothing. McKinney said he did not know who paid for the clothes and meals, but that it might have been Sterling. He denied that the detectives had promised him money or immunity from punishment, and said that they had merely promised to use their influence to secure leniency for him.

Victor W. Mather, a butcher employed in the union store at Victor, swore to having been walking along the P. & C. C. tracts upon the night of Nov. 16th going to his home, and to have come upon two men tampering with the rails. They ran away, but he got close enough to have a good look at them, and identified them upon the stand as Scott and Sterling. Engineer Bush of the F. & C. C. Ry. testified that Detective Scott had asked him where the best place would be to wreck a train, and that he had told him of the place where the attempt was made. J. C. Moore, section foreman for the F. & C. C. Ry. testified that on the morning after the attempt he Went to the place where the rails had been tampered with, and found in the fresh snow the tracks of two men coming down to the railroad. There were tracks going down from the road, but the men had been running and slipping and he could not tell anything about the footprints. He measured one of the tracks above the railroad carefully, and said Scott told him it was his. There were the tracks of two men only on the hill at this point. A number of witnesses testified that Beckman had tried to persuade them to commit various acts of violence to win the strike. Others testified to prove an alibi for Foster. It was shown that a number of union men were on the train that would have been wrecked had the attempt been successful.6

District Judge Lewis of Colorado Springs presided at the trial, and the jury was selected from a special venire of 80 chosen from points of the county outside the mining area. Most of the jurors were ranchmen or timbermen, and none were miners or union men.7 The jury, in about half an hour, brought in a verdict of not guilty. McKinney on the witness stand had testified as follows: "Q. Mr. McKinney, as I understand you, you agreed to wreck a railroad train for $500, is that correct? A. I believe so, yes. Q. And you were going to share that with your partners in crime, is that correct? A. I suppose so. Q. So that for $250 you were willing to plunge the souls of men into eternity in that way by wrecking the train; you were willing to kill men for $250, is that correct? A. Looks that way. Q. You undertook the job of killing them for $250? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now are you in that same frame of mind now that you would kill men for $250? A. I might under the same circumstances." He was either a criminal of the worst type according to his own confession, or a man who had endeavored to perjure other men to their death. Judge Lewis after the trial refused to admit him to bail. Several weeks later his case was nolled on the ground of his having turned state's evidence and his companions in the crime having been set free.8 He was then arrested charged with perjury,9 but released on bond furnished by S. D. Crump, the attorney for the Mine Owners' Association, and W. M. Bainbridge, superintendent of the El Paso Mine.

On Nov. 21st, while Chas. H. McCormick, Superintendent, and Melvin Beck, shift boss, of the Vindicator Mine, were descending the shaft, an explosion occurred which wrecked the cage and killed both men instantly. The explosion took place at the 600 foot level where no work was being done, and as a shattered pistol and pieces of copper wire were found it was generally supposed to have been the result of deliberate intent. The Mine Owners' Association accused the Western Federation of Miners with causing the explosion, and offered a reward of $5,000 for evidence leading to the conviction of the perpetrator, but no such evidence was found.

The mine was under military guard at the time, and no union man was allowed to enter it. The 600 foot level was connected with other unused surface openings and might have been entered through one of these, but careful search failed to reveal any evidence of such action. Sheriff Robertson, Deputy District Attorney Cole, and employees of the mine, made a careful search of the property immediately after the explosion, and came to the conclusion that the person who took the explosives into the mine did so through the working shaft.10


1General Manager Jesse Waters of the F. & C. C. R. R., In a signed Interview Nov. 18th, said two men In the attempt were known and would he arrested. Referring to a report that the attempts had been made by union men, he said: "We have too much respect for Union Men to think for a moment that any of them would resort to such methods. * * * * "There were Union men aboard the train."—Cripple Creek Times, Nor. 18th, 1903.

2D. C Scott was the detective for the Midland Terminal. K. C Sterlingwas a special detective In the employ of the Mine Owners' Association.

3The three were prominent union men. Sherman Parker was president of the district union. W. P. Davis was president of Altman union.

4District Court Records, No. 752. People vs. Sherman Parker et al.

3 Mills Annotated Statutes. Sec. 1421 A.

5The charges In train wrecking cases were made the principal basis for declaring Teller County In a state of rebellion. See Governor's proclamation, Dec. 4th.

6The digest of testimony given here was made from the manuscripts of the court stenographers.

7Charles Matthews, John Lee, Aaron Smith, F. M. Longevell, A. S Chadwick, W. J. Lindsay, David Vaughn, C. D. Profit, J. A. M. Smith, F. E. Robinson, D. A. Elswerth.

8See written brief by district attorney filed with case papers N. 752. Such proceedings are taken under the general doctrine that where a person fully and impartially discloses all of his connection with a crime for the informaton of the state, thus leadng to the detection of others, the implied faith of the government, although not expressed, is given to him that he shall not suffer in consequence thereof. Such doctrine is cited from various authorities by the district attorney.

9On information hy Frank J. Hangs one of the federation attorneys. Following the deportations of June, (See chapter V.) the case was dismissed hy the request of Mr. Hangs, who stated that his witnesses had heen forced to leave the district.

10The following is the coroner's verdict, after a careful examination of all the evidence available:

"From examination made at the mine and the evidence introduced, this Jury is unable to determine the exact cause of said explosion.

(Signed.) "John Ketellsen,
"Foreman."

NEXT: The governor's proclamation — The power conferred as interpreted by militia officers — Local police deposed — Censorship of Victor Record — Registering of arms — Idle men declared vagrants — More general arrests of union officers — Habeas corpus suspended in case Victor Poole — Rowdyism by certain militiamen — Mine owners' statement — Federation flag posters — Withdrawal of troops